The greater palatine nerve innervates:

The greater palatine nerve primarily provides sensory innervation to the hard palate and is responsible for sensation in the palatal area from the premolars to the last molars on one side. This includes the mucosa and underlying tissues in that region. The nerve emerges from the greater palatine foramen and travels along the hard palate, which is why it is crucial for procedures involving the posterior palatine area, such as when performing anesthesia for dental work in that location.

The other options do not accurately reflect the innervation provided by the greater palatine nerve. While the greater palatine nerve is associated with the hard palate, it does not innervate all maxillary teeth, the buccal tissues, or the anterior portion of the palate from canine to canine, as these functions involve different nerves altogether. Such distinctions in innervation are essential for effective local anesthesia in dental practices, highlighting the specific areas governed by the greater palatine nerve.